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Production Methods 生产方式
There are four ways for manufacturing businesses to organise their production - job production, batch production, flow production and cell production.
制造业企业有四种组织生产的方式--作业生产、批量生产、流动生产和单元生产。
Job production 作业生产
This method of production involves an item being manufactured entirely by one worker or by a group of workers. 这种生产方式是指完全由一名工人或一组工人来制造一件物品。
These items are often made to customer requirements, rather than being mass produced. This type of production is usually undertaken by small businesses and craft industries (e.g. carpenters), although larger businesses which specialise in 'one-off' products (e.g. bridges) may also use this production method. 这些物品通常是根据客户的要求制作的，而不是大规模生产。这种类型的生产通常由小型企业和手工业（如木匠）承担，尽管专门生产 "一次性 "产品的大型企业（如桥梁）也可能使用这种生产方法。
Batch production 批量生产
This method of production involves the manufacture of an item being divided into a number of small tasks. A collection (or 'batch') of items each have one of these tasks completed, and then the batch moves onto the next manufacturing task.
这种生产方法涉及到将一件物品的制造分成若干小任务。一组（或'批次'）的物品各自完成其中一个任务，然后批次进入下一个制造任务。
In other words, several items have the same task performed on each of them and then they move onto the next task together in a group.
换句话说，几件物品中的每一件都有相同的任务，然后它们一起进入下一个任务，形成一个群体。
This production method can result in the build-up of large amounts of stock and work-in-progress. This may be a problem if the business is in a fashion industry, where customers' tastes can change quickly and unpredictably, leaving the business with much stock that it is unable to sell.
这种生产方法可能会导致大量库存和在制品的积累。如果企业属于时尚行业，这可能是一个问题，因为客户的口味可能会迅速改变，而且无法预测，从而使企业有很多库存无法出售。
Flow production 流动生产
This method of production involves the tasks which were identified in 'batch' production becoming continuous for each unit, often with the use of a moving conveyor belt (e.g. a car assembly line). Each unit is produced individually, instead of being produced in batches.
这种生产方式涉及到在 "批量 "生产中确定的任务成为每个单元的连续任务，通常使用移动的传送带（例如，汽车装配线）。每个单元都是单独生产的，而不是成批生产的。
This type of production is usually undertaken by large businesses. This method of production was first established by Henry Ford in the 1920s, when he developed the world's first automated production line. This involved each car passing the workers on a moving conveyor belt, rather than the workers continually moving to the car. This method should boost labour productivity and reduce average cost of production even further.
这种类型的生产通常由大型企业承担。这种生产方式最早是由亨利-福特在20世纪20年代建立的，当时他开发了世界上第一条自动化生产线。这涉及到每辆汽车在移动的传送带上经过工人，而不是工人不断地移动到汽车上。这种方法应该可以提高劳动生产率，进一步降低平均生产成本。
It is often argued that flow production leads to high rates of alienation, demotivation and absenteeism amongst the employees - it is for these reasons that much machinery is today used on these production lines to perform simple, repetitive tasks which humans may easily become bored in performing.
经常有人认为，流水线生产会导致员工的疏离感、积极性和缺勤率很高--正是由于这些原因，今天在这些生产线上使用了许多机器来执行简单的、重复的任务，而人类在执行这些任务时很容易感到厌烦。
Cell production 单元生产
This method of manufacturing an item organises workers into 'cells' within the factory, with each cell comprising several workers who each possess different skills. Each cell is independent of the other cells and will usually produce a complete item, and each cell will usually have an output target to achieve for a given period of time.
这种制造物品的方法将工人组织到工厂的 "单元 "中，每个单元由几个工人组成，他们各自拥有不同的技能。每个单元都独立于其他单元，通常会生产一个完整的物品，每个单元通常都有一个产出目标，要在一定时间内完成。
It is often argued that if the group of workers in each cell can see the completion of the finished product, then their work will have more meaning and therefore their levels of motivation and job satisfaction will be greatly enhanced.
通常认为，如果每个单元中的工人群体能够看到成品的完成，那么他们的工作就会有更多的意义，因此他们的积极性和工作满意度也会大大增强。
以上是小编为大家整理的Alevel商务生产方式模块的论文素材，希望对大家有所帮助，祝各位同学学业有成金榜题名！如有更多Alevel辅导的需要，欢迎联系在线客服老师，会获得更专业的指导~
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