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Differences in their resources 其资源的差异
There will be much discussion of the pros and cons of trade in the rest of this topic. Before we go down that road, it is important to understand the fundamental reason why countries trade. Each country has a different allocation of natural and human resources. A given country will be well suited to the production of some goods (or the provision of certain services) and totally unsuited to the production of others. Particularly in the field of agriculture, the differences in climate can be immense; it is simply impossible to grow certain agricultural products in certain countries.
在本专题的其余部分，将有很多关于贸易的利弊的讨论。在我们走这条路之前，重要的是了解各国进行贸易的根本原因。每个国家都有不同的自然和人力资源配置。一个特定的国家将很适合生产一些商品（或提供某些服务），而完全不适合生产其他商品。特别是在农业领域，气候的差异可能是巨大的；在某些国家根本不可能种植某些农业产品。
The consequence of this is that some countries will go without some essential goods unless they trade with other countries. It doesn't matter how good a given country is at making desirable, but non-essential, goods. If it doesn't have the right resources then it may not be able to survive due to a lack of, say, essential foodstuffs; trade will be essential.
这样做的后果是，一些国家除非与其他国家进行贸易，否则将没有一些基本的商品。一个国家在制造理想的、但非必要的商品方面有多好并不重要。如果它没有合适的资源，那么它可能会因为缺乏必要的食品而无法生存；贸易将是必不可少的。
More competition and choice 更多的竞争和选择
The next few points highlight why free trade is good rather than why it is absolutely necessary.Perfect competitionis considered to be the most efficientmarketstructurebecause it is the most competitive. Competition puts pressure on firms to keep their prices, and therefore their costs, down.
接下来的几点强调了为什么自由贸易是好的，而不是绝对必要的。完全竞争被认为是最有效的市场结构，因为它是最有竞争力的。竞争给企业带来压力，使其保持价格，从而降低其成本。
In the same way, the more open to foreign imports a country is, the more competition the home producers will face and the more efficient they will have to be. This is not only good in an economic sense (greater efficiency) but domestic consumers enjoy lower prices and, therefore, increasedconsumer surplus.
同样，一个国家对外国进口商品的开放程度越高，本国生产者面临的竞争就越大，他们的效率就越高。这不仅在经济意义上是好事（更高的效率），而且国内消费者享受更低的价格，因此，增加了消费者剩余。
Given what we said earlier about the unequal distribution of the world's resources, it is likely that countries will not be able to produce all the goods that consumers will desire. By definition, therefore, consumers will have a greater choice if the country trades internationally.
鉴于我们前面所说的世界资源的不平等分配，各国很可能无法生产出消费者渴望的所有商品。因此，根据定义，如果国家进行国际贸易，消费者将有更多的选择。
Economies of scale 规模经济
once a firm in a given product market is subject to international competition, often the only way to survive is through growth andeconomies of scale. The resulting reduction in their cost per unit produced will enable them to become more price competitive in the global marketplace. Obviously this will be good for consumers.
一旦某个产品市场的公司受到国际竞争的影响，往往唯一的生存方式就是通过增长和规模经济。由此带来的每单位生产成本的降低将使他们在全球市场上变得更有价格竞争力。很明显，这对消费者来说是件好事。
As you will see in the next Learn-It, it can be shown that all countries benefit from free trade, however well (or poorly) endowed with natural and human resources they are. Even if a poorly endowed country is worse at making everything than another country, they will still berelativelybetter at making something.
正如你在接下来的学习中所看到的，可以证明所有国家都能从自由贸易中获益，无论它们的自然资源和人力资源多么丰富（或贫乏）。即使一个资源贫乏的国家在制造任何东西方面都比另一个国家差，他们在制造某些东西方面仍然会相对更好。
【微语】你踏上异国的土地, 追逐梦想的翅膀在风中舒展, 每一步都是成长的印记。
