作为一门近年来热度逐渐升高的学科，报考AP环境科学的学生也在增多。很多同学听说这是门“简单”的课程，其实并不是，这也是一门5分率偏低的科目。虽然单个知识点不难，但是知识点综合性强，不仅建立在化学、生物、地理、物理基础上，再联系社会、经济、政治，这门课变得上知天文下知地理中晓人和，没有浓厚的兴趣很难支撑下去。
今天留求艺留学AP环境科学专业老师为大家总结了AP 环境科学考试的知识点考点、重难点、易错点，常见问题以及备考建议，一起来看看吧。
一、AP环境科学知识点
Unit 1：The Living World: Ecosystems
1.物种关系：predator-prey relationship, Competition, Resource partitioning, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
2.陆地自然带的温度和降水规律：taiga, temperate rainforests, temperate seasonal forests, tropical ainforests, shrubland, temperate grassland, savanna, desert, and tundra.
3.水域自然带的基本特征：Freshwater biomes include streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes, Marine biomes include oceans, coral reefs, marshland, and estuaries
4.物质流动包括四大循环：Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
5.能量循环：Gross primary productivity, Net primary productivity, Trophic Levels, Energy Flow and the 10% Rule, Food chain, food web, 10% rule
Unit 2：The Living World:Biodiversity
1.生物多样性基本指标：genetic, species, and habitat diversity, Species richness, Species evenness
2.生态系统服务：provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting。注意！一定要知道每一条具体的生态系统服务，而不要记这四个分类名词。
3.岛屿生态地理学：岛屿和主栖息地的Distance, 岛屿的size
4.生态耐受度：Fundamental niche, Realized niche, Range of tolerance, mass extinction
5.自然扰动和生态系统适应性：Resistance, Resilience, (Intermediate disturbance hypothesis), Evolution, Bottleneck Effect
6.生态演替：primary and secondary succession, keystone species, indicator species, Pioneer species
Unit 3：Populations
1.根据生态位区分：Generalist and Specialist Species
2.根据Reproductive strategies（生殖策略）区分：K-Selected r-Selected Species
3.根据Survivorship Curves（生存曲线）区分：type I, type II, type III种群数量增长模型。指数增长模型（S型曲线），逻辑增长模型（J型曲线），carrying capacity, overshoot, dieback, density-dependent factors, density-independent factors, metapopulation
4.年龄结构图：人口年龄金字塔型、倒金字塔型、结构稳定型，population momentum
5.人口基本指标：Total fertility rate以及文化、经济、政策对其的影响，replacement-level fertility rate, crude birth rate (CBR)，crude death rate (CDR)，infant mortality rate，life expectancy，Malthusian theory,人口翻倍70法则
6.考试重头戏：Demographic Transition人口过渡理论
Unit 4：Earth Systems and Resources
1.板块构造：convergent boundaries，divergent boundaries，transform boundaries，earthquake
2.地图题：Maps that show the global distribution of plate boundaries can be used to determine the location of volcanoes, island arcs, earthquakes, hot spots, and faults
3.土壤：rock weathering and erosion，soil horizon（土壤分层），soil composition (sand, silt, clay)，soil texture triangle,，chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil，water holding capacity，permeability, and fertility of the soil
4.地球的大气：大气成分组成，The layers of the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere)
5.地球上的风型：地球表面冷热不均的原因，Atmospheric currents大气对流的成因，三圈环流（Hadley cell，Polar cell，Ferrell cell），Coriolis effect，trade wind
6.四季、气候、天气的产生：tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation, rain shadow
7.考试重头戏：El Niño and La Niña, upwelling
Unit 5：Land and Water Use
1.土地资源利用：The tragedy of the commons，externality
2.林业用地：clear-cutting
3.农业用地：The Green Revolution, mechanization, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), fertilization, and the use of pesticides，irrigation——drip irrigation, flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, drip irrigation, and spray irrigation.过度灌溉导致问题Waterlogging，Salinization. Agricultural practices——tilling, slashand-burn farming
4.肉类产业和渔业：CAFOs，overgrazing，overfishing，aquaculture
5.采矿用地：地表采矿四种方式，地下采矿，acid drainage
6.城市用地：Impervious surfaces，urban runoff，urban sprawl
7.生态足迹：水足迹——用水方式（工业、农业、生活用水），碳足迹——二氧化碳排放
8.可持续发展：Sustainable yield，Integrated pest management (IPM)，contour plowing, windbreaks, perennial crops, terracing, no-till agriculture, and strip cropping，Rotational grazing，ecologically sustainable forestry，prescribed burn
Unit 6：Energy Resources and Consumption
1.考试重头戏Nonrenewable energy sources：fossil fuels——coal, oil, gas. Nuclear fuel. electricity generation, Hydrologic fracturing (fracking)
2.考试重头戏Renewable energy sources：Biomass，Solar Energy，Hydroelectric Power，Geothermal Energy，Hydrogen Fuel Cell，Wind Energy，Energy Conservation
Unit 7：Atmospheric Pollution
1.大气污染物：carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, toxic metals, and particulates，primary and secondary pollution
2.考试重头戏污染现象：Photochemical Smog，Thermal Inversion，Indoor Air Pollutants，Acid Rain
3.废气处理工艺：catalytic converter，vapor recovery nozzle，Wet and dry scrubbers，electrostatic precipitators，Noise Pollution
Unit 8：Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution
1.考试重头戏水污染控制：point source，Nonpoint source，sewage treatment plant，Oil spills，ocean dumping, sediment pollution, Thermal pollution，eutrophication，mercury，Endocrine disruptor，Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)，Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
2.考试重头戏固体废弃物处理与处置：composting，landfills，incineration，Recycling，Electronic waste
3.毒理学：Lethal dose 50% (LD50)，dose response curve
4.人类疾病：Dysentery，Mesothelioma，Plague，Tuberculosis，Malaria，West Nile virus，Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)，Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)，Zika，Cholera
Unit 9：Global Change
考试重头戏：臭氧层空洞，温室效应，全球气候变化，全球变暖，入侵物种，濒危物种，人类活动对生物多样性的影响。
二、AP环境科学易错点
1.半衰期计算，极其容易算错。
2.核电厂日常运行对环境造成的最主要污染是什么呢？热污染！而不是排放核废水！动动聪明的脑瓜想想，国家怎么可能大力发展核电新能源日日排放核污染？
3.看清题目问economic benefits还是environmental benefits，同学们很容易栽在这里。如果回答经济收益，create job opportunity和increase income简直是万能钥匙，如果回答环境方面的好处，biodiversity也经常出现。
4.crop rotation的作用是什么？我们要搞清楚，轮作是农民几千年来积累下来的农田耕作智慧，首要目标是提高土壤肥力，防止同一种作物吸收同类养分导致土壤营养元素失去平衡，比如间歇种大豆给土壤补充氮元素。减少杀虫剂使用是次要目标。
5.O3和UV对环境、人类健康的危害：O3是一种淡蓝色对人体有刺激性的气体，一种强氧化剂，对流层的臭氧主要是人体的呼吸系统危害和心血管死亡率的危害，并且对植物叶片也有损害。而UV是一种光能，导致人类晒伤、白内障、皮肤癌、基因突变等等，对动植物、食物链的扰动也非常大。由于平流层的臭氧吸收紫外线，同学们很容易把臭氧的危害和UV的危害混为一谈。
三、AP环境科学考前建议
1.复习知识点。环科知识点极其细碎，各章之间并没有紧密的逻辑关系，可以说，AP环科这门课相当于环境科学导论概论，把环境本科专业课几乎做了全面总结。知识点不系统过三遍以上不可能学扎实。
2.刷题：多看真题FRQ，熟悉考点，记下答案里给分点的专业词汇。
【微语】你踏上异国的土地, 追逐梦想的翅膀在风中舒展, 每一步都是成长的印记。
