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In this section,we will introduce you to a selection of elicitation techniques that can be used to advance your thinking and develop your ideas. These techniques can be applied at different stages in the research process and might help you to:

• Identify the topic of your research (the research question).
• plan a comprehensive search of the literature.
• Structure and/or conceptualise your collection of information.

This approach would be useful if you are able to decide your own research question and you are starting with a broad area of study.

• Gather together all your relevant information.
• Use an elicitation technique to break down your area of study into smaller inter-related concepts.
• Create a visual record of this process.
• Identify any gaps or areas of uncertainty.
• Create a list of possible research questions.

This approach would be useful if you have a narrowly defined research question in place,such as those provided by industrial sponsors.

• Gather together all your relevant information.
• Use an elicitation technique to expand the argument surrounding the original question.
• Create a visual record of this process.
• Identify any gaps or areas of uncertainty.
• Create a list of possible research questions,maintaining the focus on your original concept.

In both these approaches,we suggest using elicitation techniques and visual records. This is because these techniques are designed to enable a user to see an area of study from a global,holistic,and non-linear perspective. Looking at an area of study in this manner can provide unique insights – and this is essential for creating an original research question.

Mind maps (or concepts maps) can be used to help frame a research question,plan an essay or a literature search,or take notes in a meeting. The maps are a way of representing information in a visual format that is similar to the way the brain itself maps concepts; i.e. in a non-linear,interconnected view. Mind maps make use of colour,images,and symbols to help stimulate the brain’s recall system.

One way to implement a mind map in your research process is to use the map to state what you already know about a particular topic. The map can then help you identify the gaps in your knowledge. You can also use mind maps to plan a literature search – using images as well as search terms could help stimulate other alternative terms or synonyms. If you annotate the mind map as your search progresses you will be able to see how you achieved your end result.

The leading authority on mind maps is Tony Buzan. You may want to read his book,Use Your Head(2010),for further details of how mind maps can be used in a variety of situations. Buzan suggests the following 7 basic rules for creating mind maps.

Brainstorming can be done on your own or within a group. It could be a useful exercise to conduct with your supervisor. The process is as follows.

Starting with a single word or concept connected to your research topic,record (write down,tape,video) anything and everything that you associate with this word or concept. There are four practical rules for classical brainstorming (B822,Technique Library).

When you have run out of ideas you can try to create a relationship diagram for the subject. The Enchanted Learning website provides a summary of the various types oforganisational diagramsthat you might find useful.

Bibliographic software packages and desktop search engines can also help you organise your information collection.

Bibliographic software can be used to sort references,annotate them,manage quotations or create reading lists.

There are several software packages on the market. Some are listed below.

• BibTex
• EndNote
• procite
• Reference Manager
• RefWorks

Adept Scientific,the company that licenses EndNote,proCite,and Reference Manager,also licenses RefViz. This is a software package that presents database search results visually,with the visual representation being based upon full-text analysis of the database results. You may find this useful when handling large numbers of references and/or when making connections between different aspects of your area of study.

If you spend some time learning about the functionality of the package you have,it will be of more use to you.

Consider entering quotations of relevance in the notes field. You may want to have multiple entries for an item – one for each quotation you are interested in. If you also add subject keywords,you can then sort your database to identify useful quotations on a specific subject. It is worth keeping a list of the terms you use,so you can be consistent about how you apply them.

You could also use the ‘notes’ field to add your comments on a particular reference,which could help you to assess its usefulness to future research you might be doing. You may find that to view this information in a printed bibliography you have to choose the correct bibliographic style,or indeed alter an existing bibliographic style. Instructions on how to do this will vary according to which bibliographic package you are using,so consult the help files if you wish to explore this functionality.

The search engines that work on your own computer’s desktop are useful tools for retrieving information held in a variety of formats (e.g. email,word files,or recently viewed web pages).

You may like to read the ’10 Best Mind Mapping Software Tools for Better Brainstorming’ by Harry Guinness (2017). It is an article in Envato Tuts that reviews some of the best mind mapping software tools currently on the market,and this might be useful in helping you to decide which tool(s) would be most useful for you.